Abstract This study was aimed at evaluation of effects of ball-milled roasted chickpea (RC) powder on physicochemical, rheological and sensorial properties of yogurt supplemented with RC levels of 1 (RCY1), 2 (RCY2), 3 (RCY3), 4 (RCY4), and 5 g/100 mL (RCY5). Results showed a gradual decline in the pH of pre-inoculated samples with corresponding increases in powder concentration from 1 to 5 g/ 100 mL. Degrees of lightness and yellowness increased in supplemented samples as compared to control (RCY0). Higher firmness was exhibited by RCY3 and RCY5 samples in the range of 59.39-78.56 g. RCY3 showed the highest consistency value (1480.214 g/s). Overall, the syneresis was significantly lower (p<0.05) in supplemented samples as compared to control. The addition levels of more than 3% RC resulted in smoother and more gradual dispersive patterns of particles, and RCY4 showed the most prominent polydispersity and resembled RCY5. Comparatively, supplemented samples exhibited a significantly lower degree of shear-thinning as compared to control samples. RCY5 showed the maximum texture score among all supplemented samples, and supplemented samples showed comparable sensory attributes to those of control samples. It was evident from this study that RC powder can be employed as a functional food ingredient in yogurt production.

Abstract: Risk evaluation and its identification is one of the prominent fields in the construction industry concerning performance management and project success. Under the project mechanism and business development system, risk assessment and mitigation are compulsory components of a management network to achieve the project's success. In this study, the major focus of risk assessment and management revolves around the SCP (small construction projects) which are the backbone of the construction industry. Every stakeholder is involved in this process because the construction of the house is a basic need of humans for a living. Targeting the major stakeholders (contractors, consultants, and clients) as mixed-method (qualitative & quantitative) sequential approach has been adopted to evaluate the major risk factors and their occurrence with the assessment of risk management system at the country level in SCP (small construction projects). The data used in this research has been collected from sixty-two (62) small construction firms, thirty-two (32 projects), to attain the research objectives. The results indicate that the performances of most of the risk management system and organizations are responsive, shapeless, semi-stable, and unorganized with inexistent and confined compromised resources to respond with risks. The major issue was identified as the non-existence of a proper risk management system because no formal education is involved with the personals working in small construction projects. The five most important risks that should be preferable are quality and quantity dissimilarity, change in scope of work/design, deficiency of manpower, planning, and management, and technical errors. The prime hurdles which are analyzed for impressive risk management are the absence of connection between construction experts and contractors who have not been formally trained at any technical institute. This study will help in targeting the existing gap for implementation of the risk management system at small construction engineering projects. Furthermore, it will generate a pathway for the young enterprisers to come forward and take part in the development of the small construction industry by implementing effective risk management practices to achieve the project performance in terms of project success and fruitful outcomes for the upcoming projects.

Organic and inorganic nutrients are important for crop productivity and soil health. Present study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impacts on soil physico-chemical characteristics. Sheep manure (SM), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM) were applied as organic nutrient source while urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sulphate of potash (SOP) were used at different concentrations as inorganic nutrients source viz., T1: Unfertilized control; T2: NPK at 250-150-125 kg ha-1; T3: SM at 15 t ha-1; T4: FYM at 16 t ha-1; T5: PM at 13 t ha-1; T6: NPK at 150-85-50 + 8 t ha-1 SM; T7: NPK at 150-85-50 + 8.5 t ha-1 FYM and T8: NPK at 150-85-50 + 7 t ha-1 PM. Results showed that growth and yield of maize were substantially improved by fertilizer application alongside organic manures whereas soil total organic C and total N, P, K contents increased when inorganic fertilizers were applied alone or in combined with organic manures. However, soil pH and soil bulk density decreased due to application of organic fertilizer and showed a negative correlation with grain yield. Further, a significant and positive correlation (R²= 0.52, 0.91 and 0.55) was observed among maize grain yield and available N, P and K contents, respectively in the soil. Conclusively, integration of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures can be used with optimum rates to improve crop productivity on sustainable basis. This study will be helpful in crafting sustainable nutrient management programs in future to enhance crop productivity with high efficiency and minimum nutrient loss.

ABSTRACT Bitter gourd is of great importance due to its usage against the treatment of numerous ailments in human beings. A comprehensive survey at four localities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan was carried out to determine the severity of Myrothecium leaf spot. Maximum disease severity was at C1 (Chak 11/NP) and least at C2 (Kot Mehtab). Among isolated species Myrothecium roridum was found more prevalent and pathogenic as compared to M. verrucaria. Antifungal activity using solvent extracts of five medicinal plants (Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Nicotiana tabacum, Moringa oleifera and Eucalyptus globosum) were evaluated against isolated species by agar well diffusion method at various concentrations (0.01, 0.10, 1.0 and 10.0 µg / mL). N. tabacum revealed maximum zone size (13.40 mm and 8.28 mm) with ethanol and chloroform solvents respectively followed by M. azedarach (9.00mm and 6.48mm). However, least inhibition was observed with ethanol and chloroform extracts of E. globosum (6.04mm and 3.88mm zone size respectively). Ethanol extracts showed highest activity when compared to chloroform extracts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that all the selected plants are rich in chemical compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenols whereas Saponins was only present in N. tabacum while absent in rest of the extracts.

Las medidas convencionales de localización son a menudo usadas con el fin de desarrollar estimatores de raz ón. Sin embargo, en este artículo, se hace un intento por usar algunas medidas de localización no convencionales. Se incorpora la trimean, el estimador de Hodges-Lehmann y el rango medio de la variable auxiliar con este propósito. Para mejorar la eficiencia de los estimadores de razón de medias propuestos, el coeficiente de correlación poblacional, el coeficiente de variación y combinaciones lineales de variables auxiliares también han sido explotados. Las propiedades asociadas con los estimadores propuestos son evaluadas a través del sesgo y el error cuadrático medio. Un studio empírico es presentado con fines de ilustración y verificación.

Conventional measures of location are commonly used to develop ratio estimators. However, in this article, we attempt to use some non-conventional location measures. We have incorporated tri-mean, Hodges-Lehmann, and mid-range of the auxiliary variable for this purpose. To enhance the efficiency of the proposed mean ratio estimators, population correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation and the linear combinations of auxiliary variable have also been exploited. The properties associated with the proposed estimators are evaluated through bias and mean square errors. We also provide an empirical study for illustration and verification.